The nature of point defects and their concentration in any solid are determined by the consideration of chemical equilibrium between the various species. 在任何固體中，點(diǎn)缺陷的種類(lèi)和他們的濃度可以通過(guò)考慮不同物種之間的化學(xué)平衡來(lái)得到。
The methods for experimental investigation, such as chemical equilibrium and EMF methods, are discussed in detail in conjuction with critical comments on typical research work. 結合有代表性的研究工作評價(jià)了該研究領(lǐng)域中典型的研究測試方法，其中重點(diǎn)評價(jià)了化學(xué)平衡法和原電池電動(dòng)勢法用于此類(lèi)研究的利弊。
